THE DRAGON’S SCARE

Reading Time: 2 minutes

The corona pandemic has claimed many lives across the world. It’s other side effects include the widespread rampage on all sectors of economy of the world. It has caused the closure of many small industries, businesses and enterprises and it continues to haunt the future of  not only SMEs(Small and Medium Enterprises), MSMEs (Micro Small Medium Enterprises), Microfinance Institutions but also big companies.

 

In view of this, big Chinese banks, Private Equities and other multilateral instruments are investing heavily in such falling companies. These Chinese corporations work under the beneficial owner; the government of China. China’s recent increase in investment in HDFC bank has exceeded 1% which has poked the bear (RBI) into looking into this matter.

 

ATTRACTING INVESTORS IS GOOD, SO WHATS THE PROBLEM?

The problem is that by investing heavily they are buying shares of these companies at “THROWAWAY PRICES”. The impact of this, is that they will be majority stakeholders of these companies or aim to attempt buying them eventually (“HOSTILE TAKEOVER”). This will give them power to control these businesses and help them direct profit money to China.

 

China currently invests around $4 billion in Indian startups.18 out of 30 Indian unicorns (startups  having more than $1 billion market capitalization)  have Chinese funding.Big investors from China -Alibaba, Tencent , ByteDance have made huge investments in Paytm, Byju’s , OYO, Ola, Big Basket, Swiggy, Zomato. China dominates Indian markets in pharmaceutical APIs(Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients), mobile phone markets, automobiles and electronic and project imports.

 

THE DRAGON’S SCARE

 

HOW IS THE DRAGON’S MARKET INVASION BEING STOPPED?

The  Government of India and RBI (Reserve Bank of India) lost no time in rectifying it’s policies.The government has decided to screen Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) from countries sharing a land border with India or where the beneficial owner of an investment into India is situated in or is a citizen of any such country. The capital market regulator of India ,SEBI (Securities Exchange Board of India) is also digging deeper into  Foreign Portfolio Investors(FPI) composition from China, by seeking beneficiary details from jurisdictions like Mongolia, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh , Afghanistan and Yemen.

 

SO WHAT’S NEXT?

These policy changes have put an end to such hostile takeovers yet other measures need to be taken in order to mitigate China’s sway over the market.

 

NUCLEAR FUSION: How much it takes to mimic a star ?

Reading Time: 10 minutes

The greatest stuff that matters more than anything else for humans is the source of energy to run his dear machines. In fact, he is far more hearty and concerned about food for his machines than himself. This hunger had led him to exploit coals, gas, petroleum and in some amount the nuclear and renewable sources to meet his ever-increasing needs. There is absolutely no doubt that the standard of living of each human on earth should be equal and magnificent, this comes on the cost of energy expenditure. The point of concern is that whatever ways he has devised has many issues associated with it, the limited amount and harmful effects on the environment are the most depressing. The coal mines and oil wells in the near future will definitely exhaust. Imagine where would we stand if we have no source of energy for our hungry electric motors, IC engines, etc. The production of energy in a conventional way is fast approaching to its ends along with it causing hostile climate changes, the scary nightmare for us.

Now just imagine the deployment of a source to meet the energy demand that tends to provide humans for thousands of years, in fact, millions of years of service and also has almost negligible effect on our environment, just imagine the peace and prosperity of humans on earth, there would be heaven, no wars, no one deprived.

And I am not just asking you to imagine instead believe it. This feat if humans establish than it would surely be his greatest achievement.

You have guessed it right the NUCLEAR FUSION, creating miniature stars on earth. Yes this seems impossible surely, we have been failing at it from tens of decades but this is the reason why human rules on earth because “he believes in believing and achieving”.NUCLEAR FUSION: How much it takes to mimic a star ?Basically, this blog intends to discuss the phenomenon of the nuclear furnace of the universe and endeavor required to mimic it on earth. We will discuss in somewhat detail the classical physics and the quantum physics behind the process, and what exactly we need to do to get the sun here on earth, the advantages and the work done and the reason for failure till now thereby quenching our thirst of curiosity regarding this topic.

THE PHYSICS OF NUCLEAR FUSION

Atoms are fundamental building blocks of matter, they comprise of a nucleus and the electrons orbiting around it. The nucleus, volume wise is very small, a grain in a room if compared but carries the 99.999% mass of the whole atom. The nucleus is made up of particles called hadrons the protons and neutrons. Refer to the standard model for particle classification.

Protons have unit positive electric charge and neutrons are neutral. Since the protons are very close thus electrostatic force must be repelling with huge magnitude, but we know nucleus do exist hence we can easily conclude that some stronger attracting force must be there to bind them together, the force should be enormous as well as very short range, otherwise there would be no discrete matter at all. These forces are named nuclear force and they are characteristics property of both protons and neutron.

So as result of work done by strong nuclear force against electrostatic repulsion, a large amount of energy is released when a nucleus is formed, this energy released from the formation of a nucleus is called binding energy. You can see that more the number of nucleons are there more the energy is released but this hold true only up to nucleus which contains less than 56 nucleons, as nuclear force gets weaker exponentially with increasing distance.

NUCLEAR FUSION: How much it takes to mimic a star ?

So we can analyze that to tap this enormous binding energy we have to synthesize nucleus, there are two techniques to make this happen:

  1. Either you make a naturally available bigger nucleus unstable by some process and forcing it to decay into daughter nuclei and hence releasing the corresponding binding energies of more stable daughters, this method is called the NUCLEAR FISSION, the concept behind current nuclear power plants.
  2. The other more difficult way is to force already highly stable smaller nuclei together to form an unstable nucleus which again decays into more stable nuclei and releasing significant binding energies, this method is called NUCLEAR FUSION, the concept behind future nuclear power plants.

The complication in the second case can easily be spotted. To make a bigger nucleus unstable is far easier than to force two smaller stable nuclei to form an unstable nucleus because nucleus greater than 56 atomic number are having less binding energy per nucleon hence firing it with a neutron or something can easily make it lose its stability. Whereas forcing two nuclei to fuse, is certainly a tedious job on earth at least. We have to overcome the great electrostatic force as they approach closer to form a new nucleus, but the unstable nucleus decay to products that will have much higher binding energy, as graph increases linearly till atomic number < 56.

WHAT QUANTUM SAYS?

Before I start this section let me make you one thing clear, strictly saying “NO ONE ON THIS EARTH IS ALLOWED TO ASK THE QUESTION WHY, WHEN PHYSICISTS ARE DESCRIBING HOW NATURE WORKS!!!”, we have to just follow through their theories because it is the way it is. We just have to check if their theories actually fit into the phenomenon or not, that is the aim.

Quantum description of nature is seriously very hard to understand and far harder to sing it to others. However weird and virtual quantum theory appears, it is the reason behind this technological era and also future “the quantum computers!”, won’t go off topic.

Quantum describe particle not as like definite point. Instead, it says that particles are mere disturbances in their corresponding field and describe them mathematically as wave function or probability functions. Classical mechanics strictly deny this process to occur as electrostatic force tends to infinity as distance tends to zero, but quantum says that it can happen, there is a probability. This is called the quantum tunneling effect.

Wikipedia says: “Quantum tunneling is the phenomenon where a particle passes through a potential barrier that is classically unsurmountable ”.

Schrodinger equations when solved and analyzed, it indicate that the nucleus has a probability that it can fuse with other nucleus and this probability goes on increasing as the kinetic energy of colliding nuclei increases. They explain it like the overlapping of the waveforms that represent the two nuclei.

Again you have to agree with this description because here is series of examples of the applications of quantum tunneling: nuclear fusion in stars, tunnel junction, tunnel diode, tunnel field-effect transistor, quantum conductivity, scanning tunneling microscope, quantum biology, etc.

PHENOMENON IN STARS

Nuclear fusion can be called the ultimate source of energy of the universe. Stars are powered by this and virtually all the atoms (elements) are produced in this process which is also called stellar nucleosynthesis. The type of fusion reaction followed depends on the mass of the star, the pressure, and temperature of its core.   

If we consider our own star the sun then it utilizes the nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium at 14 million kelvin core temperature. 620 Million tons of hydrogen per second fuses to form 606 Million metric tons of helium each second. The net rate of mass-energy conversion is 4.26 million metric tons per second, which produces the equivalent of 38,460 septillion watts (3.846×1026W) per second, this really very hugeeeee!!!!!!

NUCLEAR FUSION: How much it takes to mimic a star ?

STAR MIMIC :

THE DEUTERIUM-TRITIUM REACTION:NUCLEAR FUSION: How much it takes to mimic a star ?

We are looking for this reaction because it is the most feasible and reactants are easily and abundantly available. Considering the fueling up of smaller atoms with kinetic energy to break the Coulomb barrier, scientists have chosen single proton species to bang together. The reaction deuterium-tritium seems to be a perfect choice.

NUCLEAR FUSION: How much it takes to mimic a star ?

The DT rate peaks at a lower temperature (about 70 keV, or 800 million Kelvin) and at a higher value than other reactions commonly considered for fusion energy on earth.

FUELS:

  1. Deuterium: 1 in 5000 of hydrogen in seawater is deuterium (a total of 10^15 tons). Viewed as a potential fuel for a fusion reactor, a gallon of seawater could produce as much energy as 300 gallons of gasoline.
  2. Tritium: is little problematic. It is radioactive with a half-life of about 10 years hence no source of tritium is present on earth. This is obtained from breeding lithium with is abundant. Sometimes I just remain awestruck by the efforts and adventures of humans, it has been planned to establish a mining factory on the moon and transport helium isotope to earth via rockets in the future.

INPUT AND OUTPUT ENERGY:

In this reaction, deuterium and tritium isotopes of hydrogen are first ionized to become bare nuclei. The calculated coulomb barrier is  0.1 MeV. After crossing this limit the immediate result of fusion is the unstable 5He nucleus, which immediately ejects a neutron with 14.1 MeV. The recoil energy of the remaining 4He nucleus is 3.5 MeV, so the total energy liberated is 17.6 MeV. This is many times more than what was needed to overcome the energy barrier hence the result is net energy output.

NUCLEAR FUSION: How much it takes to mimic a star ?

PROCESS STEPS:

  1. Stage one heating: once the atoms are heated above its ionization energy, its electrons get stripped away, leaving behind an ion.
  2. Stage two heating: continues until the Coulomb barrier is not reached. The result is an extremely hot cloud of ions and electrons. This is known as another state of matter, the plasma. The state is electrically and magnetically responsive due to separated charges. Many devices take advantage of this to control plasma.

Plasma is thus magnetically and electrically responsive. In bulk its modeling is done using the science of magnetohydrodynamics, this is the combination of the motion of fluid governing equation the Navier Stokes and electric and magnetic field behavior governing equations called Maxwell’s Equations.

Now the problem is how to confine the extremely hot plasma. There doesn’t exist any material which can stand firmly at 300 Million kelvin, that doesn’t degrade by the constant bombardment of high energy neutrons and other particles.

WHAT IS THE MECHANISM?

There are two famous approaches to do this:

1. MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT

2. INERTIAL CONFINEMENT

  1. Magnetic confinement: We know that plasma is charged with help of strong superconductor magnets they can be hanged up in the vacuum without actually touching the walls of the container. This concept is called magnet mirroring. 

 

ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor), in Latin ITER, means”a way”, a prestigious organization having headquarters in France established in 2007, its members include India, US, Russia, China, Japan, Korea, and the Euratom. Its purpose is to research and demonstrate the technological and feasibility of fusion energy for peaceful purpose. The ITER employs a mega machine called tokamak. The stellarator is also one of this kind. Here is an awesome video to make the mega monster easy to understand:

2. Inertial confinement: Fusion is achieved by compressing and heating fuel pallet. Mega Intense laser beams rapidly heat inside surface of hohlraum. The fuel is compressed by rocket-like throw-off of the outer surface material. Finally, the fuel is ignited at a temperature of about 100,000,000 degrees Celsius. And the NUCLEAR FUSION occurs producing far more energy than taken by the laser system in the beginning.

NUCLEAR FUSION: How much it takes to mimic a star ?

Just as ITER pioneers the magnetic confinement the NIF (National Ignition Facility, California, US) leads the way in inertial confinement fusion. Here the short clip on that:

DISADVANTAGES:

  1. Tritium is radioactive and also difficult to retain completely. Hence some amount of tritium would be continually released. The health risk posed is much lower than that of most radioactive contaminants, because of tritium’s short half-life (12.32 years) and very low decay energy (~14.95 keV). It also doesn’t accumulate in the body (its biological half-life is 7-14 days).
  2. The cost involved is enormous in research, instead if we invest in proven technologies then it would be the sure shot. Investment in the nuclear fusion is billion-dollar dollar gamble surely.
  3. In my opinion just as human discovered vaccines which in turn increased the average human life and hence population on earth banged in numbers, in same way limitless energy would cause the steep rise in population, the economy would entirely be changed because markets would no more depend on the rates of oil.

ADVANTAGES:

  1. The half-life of the radioactive waste is quite less as compared to the fission wastes which have thousands of years as half-life more over less toxic than emissions from fossils fuel burning.
  2. The energy supply would be uninterrupted and provide service to humans for millions of years!
  3. No greenhouse gas emissions, no global warming and zero environmental concerns in any way round (air, water, and land).
  4. No hike in energy supply cost around the fiscal year.
  5. Those importance processes which are high energy intensive can be carried at low cost like desalination of seawater for the availability of fresh drinking water.

CONCLUSION:

Here is a quote from one of the greatest physicist of the 20-th century:

NUCLEAR FUSION: How much it takes to mimic a star ?

So, there is no doubt that it was the feats of our earlier scientists and engineers who led us to where we are today and it is we who will decide the future of human civilization, and we must be happy that we are putting the efforts at an incredible rate, and till then we have to make sure that we too at individual level are playing our assigned role in this universe of the “ALMIGHTY”.

“You have patience level 10 if you have read the whole article because it is quite lengthy although keeping it short has been tried “-Rahul

Thanks for your time and patience.

Keep reading, stay blessed!

TEAM CEV

Artificial Intelligence boon or curse?????

Reading Time: 3 minutes

This debate on whether artificial intelligence is good or bad would be among most brainstorming debate in CEV history. At one time we were with the idea that artificial intelligence is an ultimate tool for human to make an earth full of good things and in next moment we felt that it is the last human invention. Debate was held on Friday evening, 31 August.

Points followed for increased exploration in this field were-

Artificial Intelligence boon or curse?????

 

 

 

  1. Artificial intelligence is tool for humanity that can prove to be his most ingenious technological advancement and have potential to help us in sustaining our civilisation much longer.
  2. With the aid of their superhuman capability of enormous computation we can employ them to find solutions to compelling questions like how to cure  AIDS/HIV, how to reduce global warming, alternative for fossil fuels, substitute for plastics,how to reduce ozone layer depletion, etc.
  3. We can exploit this technology in those field where there is great risk of human life like space exploration missions, utility and power linemen, firefighters, miners, search and rescue and so on.
  4.  Now since they are non living things we can use them in crummy works which in many cases lead to social indifferences in our society like slaughterhouse workers, sanitation workers, personal transport drivers, embalmer, garbage collector, sewage cleaner, etc.
  5. Artificial intelligence can play its greatest role in pharmaceutical industry like new methods to treat cancer which are less painful, epidemic control, new medicines with fast cure capability and very less side effects which otherwise will require tedious human labor and time.
  6. Technological change may eliminate specific jobs, but it has always created more in the process, we had witnessed it in past.

Points that indicated that artificial intelligence is the greatest threat to human being ever-

Artificial Intelligence boon or curse?????

  1. These machines are now so advanced that they too have feelings, and in case they feel offended by humans they might declare war against us.
  2. These machines are not subject to ageing so a particular machine can increase its capabilities to tremendous extent.
  3. Another big problem is that it will erase all the job opportunity for the middle class people like car drivers, etc.
  4. Facebook artificial robots were made to shut down forcefully as they were found talking to each other in strange language that was not understood by humans. So, this give us glimpses of what they could be capable of in future. A chunk of  communication they had with them-Bob: i can i i everything else . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alice: balls have zero to me to me to me to me to me to me to me to me to

    Bob: you i everything else . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Conclusion: Currently in the world Artificial intelligence is still debated topic, there is no doubt that they have a great potential to serve human civilization and make life very convenient, like speech recognition, face recognition all these are features of it. Numerous tech-giants like Google, Amazon, Netflix, Facebook,  Pandora, Tesla are currently utilizing it for more user friendly services. But on the same time there have being events and prediction that uncontrolled and injudicious use will some day create danger for us, hence it should be taken care that artificial intelligence should be employed only in those field where their use are indispensable and that too under vigilant supervision.

Artificial Intelligence boon or curse?????

Minutes by-

Rahul, electrical engg.(2nd year), SVNIT.

(Images are copied randomly, objections are accepted!)

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