Hyperverse is a game inspired by the concept of the metaverse. It combines many metaverses linked to form a single component, opening the door for a revolutionary virtual experience.
In the Hyperverse, players, also known as voyagers, can connect with friends, experience different cultures, create tokenized items, run businesses, and explore the universe.
Hyperverse is a New York-based company that offers a virtual reality experience distribution platform. It was founded by Roman Mikhailov and Arsen Avdalyan in January 2016.
Features:
Virtual Experience: It allows players to clone themselves and experience the virtual life that Hyperverse offers.
Tokenized in-game items: Virtually anything within the hyperverse can be traded as NFT coins.
Space expedition: Form groups for interstellar voyages to explore unknown space and planets.
Decentralized: Trade tokenized real-world stocks, options, contracts, and EFTs
ADVANTAGES OF USING CRYPTO AS IN-GAME CURRENCY:
Digital proof of ownership:
By owning a wallet with access to your private keys, you can instantly prove ownership of an activity or an asset on the blockchain. A wallet is one of the most secure and robust methods for establishing a digital identity and proof of ownership.
Digital collectability:
Just as we can establish who owns something, we can also show that an item is original and unique. Through NFTs, we can create unique objects that can never be forged.
Transfer of value:
In-game currencies in multiplayer games are less secure than crypto on a blockchain. If users spend a lot of time in the metaverse and earn money there, they will need a reliable currency.
Governance:
In real life, we can have voting rights in companies and elect leaders and governments. The metaverse will also need ways to implement fair governance, and blockchain takes care of that.
Accessibility:
Creating a wallet is open to anyone around the world on public blockchains. Unlike a bank account, you don’t need to pay any money or provide any details. This is a considerable advantage in managing your finances effectively.
HOW HYPERVERSE DEVELOPERS FUND THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERVERSE:
The developers promised people who invest in hyperverse to triple their invested money. They convert the investor’s money USDT, a stable crypto coin, into HU, an in-game currency known as hyper unit per day. Hyperverse has raised over $530k in total.
WHAT HYPERVERSE IS?
It’s one of the most well-thought scams which hides its true intention very effectively. It’s a Ponzi scheme which is also known as a pyramid scheme. But investors can easily fall into this scam without realizing it because of its well-designed system.
To Enroll within hyperverse, you need to purchase a membership that seems no threat to the average eye but is designed to hide the Ponzi scheme the investor is getting into.
The investor is promised to get their investment tripled within 600 days. How it is tripled is kept unclear, and once the investor falls into the greed trap, they are trapped in a commitment of 600 days.
They have lured investors with reviews and success members of the hyperverse with comments like, “I know two people who invested in HYPERVERSE, and they’re doing great. One put in 400 k, and he’s paying for a 15-million-dollar estate. The other put in 30k, and he’s already pulled out his initial investment. I’m doing great myself going well so far.”
Hyperverse is a scam by Ryan Zou and Sam Lee, who have been involved in disgusting scams like these several times.
Conclusion:
With the rapid growth of cryptocurrency, it has become easier for scammers to scam people. Investors should be cautious before investing in crypto-based projects without full knowledge of how and why their investment will grow the promised amount and should consult experts for safe and profitable investments.
This short-article focusses on one of the most popular consensus problems in distributed computing known as “Byzantine’s General Problem” and when a distributed system is said to be Byzantine Fault Tolerant. Various Byzantine Fault Tolerant algorithms are being used in Permissioned Blockchain Networks e.g Hyperledger Sawtooth is using Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerant(PBFT) to achieve consensus. So, if you want to understand how the consensus is actually achieved in such systems. This article is surely for you.
So let’s begin this journey.
First of let’s focus on the term ‘Byzantine Fault Tolerant’ and when a distributed system is said to be Byzantine Fault Tolerant? The answer lies within the different types of failures that can occur in a distributed system-
1.Crash-Fail: In this type of failure, the component stop working without any warning. So you need to restart the node or replace it. We can say it is a ‘Fail-Stop’ failure.
2.Omission Failure: In this, component transmits a message but that message is not received by other nodes or we can say it is omitted.
3.Byzantine Failures: It is a ‘no-stop failure’.It occurs when there is a malicious or traitor node in the network which sends conflicting messages or block the messages by not sending them to the other nodes in the network, which may lead to faulty results.
Now I think it is self-explanatory that a distributed system is said to be Byzantine Fault Tolerant if it can cope-up with the Byzantine Failures.
The applications of BFT can be found in various domain like Blockchain and even in Boeing 777 and 787 flight controls.
Let’s move on to a specific problem which forms a base for understanding BFT-
The Byzantine General’s Problem :
Situation: Suppose there are several generals and they have to attack army camp C and they are surrounding the army camp such that they can’t communicate with each other directly. The only way communication can happen in between them is through a carrier and he needs to pass the enemy camp for transferring every message. So they need proper protocols to reach a final decision whether to “attack ” on C, the next morning or “retreat”. If they all agree to attack, and they do attack then they will surely win or if they agree to “retreat” then they can fight on another day. But if one of the general attack and other decides to retreat then they are surely gonna lose.
Problems:
Malicious Generals create variation in the decision to the others
Message Carriers may not reach
Reach a single solution, considering the downsides of a few Generals
Keeping in mind the situation, let’s discuss this problem with three generals.
Three Generals Problem:
Suppose, there are one commander and two lieutenants surrounding the army camp C and they have to collectively reach a decision to ‘attack’ or ‘retreat’.
If neither of the generals is faulty then all will work good and they will surely reach a decision.
Let’s see the case if one of the generals starts behaving maliciously:
Let’s break up the whole communication process in two phases.
Phase-1: Commander sends the messages correctly to lieutenants.
Phase-2: Lieutenant-1 correctly forwards the message to Lieutenant-2. As Lieutenant-2 is malicious, so he forwards the message to Lieutenant-1 incorrectly.
Clearly, Lieutenant-1 is receiving differing messages.
Let’s take a look at another possibility before jumping onto the conclusion.
What will be the case if ‘Commander’ is faulty?
Phase-1: Lieutenant-1 and Lieutenant-2 recieves different messages.
Phase-2: They both exchange the messages correctly as they are loyal.
As per the protocols, both Lieutenants have to follow the Commander’s message. This is in the contradiction of the agreement condition.
Conclusion: There is no solution possible for ‘Three Generals Problem’ if one of the generals is faulty.
Four Generals Problem
Suppose, there are one commander and three lieutenants surrounding the army camp C and they have to collectively reach a decision to ‘attack’ or ‘retreat’.
When one of the Lieutenant is faulty?
Phase-1: Commander correctly sends the message to other lieutenants.
Phase-2: Lieutenant-1 & Lieutenant-3 correctly forwards the message to others. Lieutenant-2 behaves in a byzantine manner and incorrectly transmits the message.
By Majority Voting, the non-malicious lieutenants can reach the decision.
Decision of Lieutenant-1: Majority(Retreat,Attack,Retreat)=Retreat
Decision of Lieutenant-2: Majority(Retreat,Retreat,Attack)= Retreat
So, they have reached the consensus i.e “To Retreat”.
When the Commander is faulty?
I think you can deduce what will happen in the two phases now. Jumping directly to the decisions:-
Decision of Lieutenant-1: Majority(Retreat,Attack,Retreat)=Retreat
Decision of Lieutenant-2: Majority(Attack,Retreat,Retreat)= Retreat
Decision of Lieutenant-3: Majority(Retreat,Retreat,Attack)=Retreat
So, the consensus has been achieved with the decision “To Retreat”.
One more special thing to observe here is that the final agreement will be the one which is in the majority of the decisions in Phase-1 e.g Retreat is in majority in Phase-1. So final agreement is on “Retreat‘’.
Conclusion: If out of 4 generals, only one is faulty or behaving in a byzantine way, then we can reach the agreement and consensus is achieved.
By the above two scenarios, we can now generalise the Byzantine Model of Distributed Systems.
Generalization
A System having ‘f’ number of faulty nodes(generals) should have at least, in total 3f+1 nodes(generals) in the network to reach the consensus.
Thanks for showing patience and reading until the end.
Next in the series is ‘PBFT & RBFT Consensus’ and ‘Consensus in Public Blockchain Networks’.
Reading Time: 9minutesThe workshop was intended to excite and inspire some of the minds to set into brain-storming that might help the audience to come up with innovation with 21 st century internet Magnus, BLOCKCHAIN, to solve the real-world problems.
The prerequisite was null and void but an audience with a little bit of patience and curiosity, which certainly the audience was!
The workshop was segmented into two halves. It started with non-technical points to get launched into the topic and later shifted to tech-based. Key points of the talk were:
Intuitive questions like why blockchain, what are the daily life problems that are needed to be addressed through blockchains, how blockchains can solve the crisis of current internet like data tampering and data breaching was answered to create the vacuum in audience minds for the talk.
The talk then moved to introduce the audience with basic key terminologies like cryptography, hashing, mining, genesis block, ledger, nodes, consensus, etc.
Very carefully the backbones of the blockchain were introduced. The network design concept that gives this technology the key power were: a) Distributed system and b) Decentralized systems. How the Blockchain provides architectural and political decentralization and logical centralization was deeply discussed.
All of these gives the blockchain major characteristic system advantages of attack and collusion resistance, fault tolerance, good scalability, etc.
Finally, the real world application of the blockchain was explained and vividly demonstrated. The successful digital currency of Bitcoin, how it solved the major two unsolved problems of its time- malicious activity prevention and the double spending, how it works and some of its basic underlining stories were discussed.
The workshop ended with the display of a few of the projects that instructors made to participate in various hackathons.
Here is the ppt used in the actual workshop. All the references and important links would be uploaded soon, stay tuned!!!!
Are You a New Developer to the Ethereum Ecosystem?
Below is a mix of the main infrastructure tools and knowledge centres that will teach you how to build software on Ethereum. We recommend taking a look through the portal and reading about all the developer tools and options before getting started.
The most used chrome extension wallet and Web 3 provider that allows users to interact with decentralized applications.
Smart Contract Languages
If you’re developing on Ethereum, you’re going to need to know how to write smart contracts. Luckily there are not too many different languages that you need to know. Solidity the main smart contract language is easier to learn if you already possess a good understanding of Javascript.
A pythonic programming language for implementing smart contracts. Vyper is also currently beta software.
IDEs/Editors
IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment. IDEs and Editors are what you need to write and test software. They are software suites that consolidate basic tools that are required to start writing on Ethereum. Below are the most popular IDEs and Editors.
Visual Studio Code extension that adds support for Solidity.
Public Testnets
Public Testnets on Ethereum offer a way for developers to test what they build without putting their creations on the main Ethereum network. Developers are able to obtain as much ETH as you want on testnets because testnet ETH doesn’t carry any monetary value. Below are the most used testnets to start testing on and the links for where you can request testnet ETH.
Proof-of-authority cross-client testnet, synching Parity Ethereum, Geth, Nethermind, Pantheon, and EthereumJS. This testnet is a community-based project, completely open-source.
A proof-of-authority blockchain started by the Geth team. Test ether must be requested.
Local Testnets
Similar to Public Testnets, Local Testnets are a place for you to test your software without pushing it public. Unlike Public Testnets, the Local Testnet software will only run on your computer/node and other users won’t be able to see it or interact with it.
Fast Ethereum RPC client for testing and development. The command line version of Ganache, your personal blockchain for Ethereum development.
Front–End Interfaces
If you want to start developing dapps, you’ll need front-end development skills. Below are the most popular front-end interfaces that will help you turn your dapp from an idea to a live Ethereum mainnet application.
A collection of front-end libraries that make writing decentralized application frontends easier and more predictable. Drizzle provides a Redux library to connect a frontend to a blockchain.
Backend Interfaces
If you want to graduate from just building dapps, you’ll need to start learning and using the backend interfaces listed below. If you’re interested in doing backend/protocol work on Ethereum, you should have significant experience with Go, Rust, Java, .NET, Ruby, or Python. Explore some of the most frequently used backend interfaces below.
A lightweight Java and Android library for integration with Ethereum clients.
Smart Contract Library
You’ve probably used programming libraries before, and these are no different. A smart contract library is the reusable piece of code for a smart contract which is deployed once and shared many times. Below are the most used smart contract libraries.
A collection of building blocks for building smart contract systems written in Solidity.
Smart Contract Testing and Deployment
If you are creating a tool, product, or application on Ethereum, you’ll want to make sure your smart contract is in working order before deploying to the mainnet. These tools will help you build, test, and ship your code.
The most popular smart contract development, testing, and deployment framework. The Truffle suite includes Truffle, Ganache, and Drizzle. Read a deep dive on Truffle.
A framework that allows you to easily develop and deploy decentralized applications. Currently integrates with EVM blockchains (Ethereum), IPFS, Swarm, Whisper, and Orbit.
Ethereum Clients
An Ethereum client refers to any node that is able to parse and verify the blockchain, its smart contracts, and everything in between. An Ethereum client also provides interfaces to create transactions and mine blocks which is the key for any Ethereum transaction. Below are the most popular Ethereum clients.
A command line interface for running a full Ethereum node implemented in Go.
Storage
Ethereum allows you to save variables or data in permanent storage. The storage platforms below are where all of the smart contract data lives. IPFS is the most commonly used storage system on Ethereum. Explore the platforms below to learn more about how storage on Ethereum works.
A decentralized peer to peer database on top of IPFS.
Security Tools
Ok, so you’ve finally built your dapp or smart contract. But how do you know it was set up correctly and is safe from hackers? The security tools below will help ensure that your code is safe and follows all Ethereum development best practices.
An analysis tool for smart contracts. Oyente utilizes a symbolic execution tool that works directly with EVM byte code without access to the high level representation (e.g Solidity).
The goal of this article is to let you know about a BASIC BLOCKCHAIN structure by making a sample blockchain by using a Scripting language Python.
And a small assignment at the last.
The information about the following will be provided on the further articles:
various applications of blockchain and at various levels
use blockchain to create your own cryptocurrency
use of blockchain to create a file deployment system
and Many More…
This article will, for right now, will not have information about deploying your own Blockchain Application, and creating a distributed and decentralized file sharing system.
If you are just interested with how to create a blockchain Jump directly to CONSTRUCTING even I would have done that…
So, let’s start to learn something new……
What is Blockchain?
Back in 2008, some mysterious Person/group of persons named SATOSHI NAKAMOTO released a whitepaper named Bitcoin: A Peer to Peer Electronics Cash System (I suggest that you read the paper to understand how it was presented to the world) in which BITCOIN was described to be a BLOCKCHAIN based technology,
a completely trustless (though the meaning is exactly the opposite, it actually means no trust issues)
Distributed
Decentralised
and, Encrypted
technology that can actually serve as a new form of currency which has its value just as a Stock Share and transaction just like a Barter system.
So, right now before turning this article into a History(story) or market revolutionalizing technology journey let’s start some keyboard ticking and see where we are able to implement key points of a Blockchain, though I will provide you enough resources to read more about emergence and have an intuitive idea about its potential.
Let’s get started…
Design and Features
So, let us begin with the basic design of blockchain by understanding how does it implement its key features.
Before explaining further I want you to go through this wonderful video about blockchain. So we shall jump directly to the technical part. It will let you understand most of the things.
Now after this you must have understood the basic structure of Blockchain.
It is a distributed and decentralized ledger system which provides a TAMPER free service to store records.
Python 3.6 (a basic python would work but if you don’t know any about it don’t worry it’s very simple and I will try to give an intuitive idea about what I am using and why.)
a cool text editor would work well > Sublime Text 3(choose according to the platform you have, it’s lightweight and good)n > Atom (the best one to use, has an extension for a terminal)
LINUX (Suggested, It’s better to switch to Linux now if you really have to do some good) ……that’s it for now, its basic
Let us start by creating a BLOCK:
-> BLOCK:-
We’ll start by creating a class of simple BLOCK using Python:
class block:
def __init__ (self, timestamp, data, previousHash = ' '):
self.timestamp = timestamp
self.data = data
self.previousHash = previousHash
self.hash = #TODO function calculateHash()
Just have a look at this block we have 4 arguments. Of course, self is working for self-element initialization, for those who don’t understand just understand that it is a kind of PYTHON convention of constructors.
Also that we haven’t included hash in the block argument as it will be calculated and stored inside the function itself #TODO.
Now let’s write the function to calculate hash the block:
use of encode() and in the return line hexdigest() → so the answer for that is you need to encode every text before hashing, I’ll try to cover it in further blogs. → and to convert hash object into a string we need to use the hexdigest function
and yes, for sha256 you need to import hashlib library, and also you need to convert everything into a string before hashing it
Also, we need to include time for timestamp
So the code for blocks looks like: –
from hashlib import sha256
import time
class block:
def __init__ (self, timestamp, data, previousHash = ' '):
self.timestamp = timestamp
self.data = data
self.previousHash = previousHash
self.hash = # TODO
def calculateHash(self):
return sha256((str(self.timestamp) + str(self.data) + \ str(self.previousHash).encode()).hexdigest())
and now let’s begin with our Blockchain class definition:
-> BLOCKCHAIN:-
Genesis Block: the very first block of the blockchain is termed as a genesis block. And it generally can have any data. So we need to initialize our blockchain with it if we don’t have any block in the BLOCKCHAIN. We will have the following structure:
So this is our blockchain which gets initialized with a list named chain, everytime a new class object is created. We’re still having some functions to add to it.
-> MINING:-
Whenever a new transaction is made, and a new block is created and added to the blockchain, the complete process is termed as mining.
As to make blockchain simple for this very first blog, I am not going to put any complex mining functions and verification algorithms for now. Just deal with simple mining.
So, the mining functions will be having to take input from the user and create a block/node for it.
So, before making mining, we have to deal with taking the user’s input and start mining:
Starting a Blockchain
CEVcoin = blockchain()
Taking user input and creating a block
data = input()
Writing mineBlock():
This function is the part of the blockchain so has to be written inside blockchain. Hence our code with the function of adding nodes looks like:
from hashlib import sha256
import time
class block:
def __init__ (self, timestamp, data, previousHash = ' '):
self.timestamp = timestamp
self.data = data
self.previousHash = previousHash
self.hash = self.calculateHash()
def calculateHash(self):
return sha256((str(self.timestamp) + str(self.data) + str(self.previousHash).encode()).hexdigest())
class blockchain:
def __init__(self):
self.chain = [self.createGenesis()]
def createGenesis(self):
return block(time.ctime(), "genesisBlock", "00000")
def mineBlock(self, data):
node = block(time.ctime(), data, self.chain[-1].hash)
# mining a new block to the blockchain
self.chain.append(node)
CEVcoin = blockchain()
data = input()
# sending data to get mined
print(“\n\nMining new block……..”)
CEVcoin.mineBlock(data)
*do note down the self.calculateHash() application in def __init__ function of block
Well, this the BACKBONE of every BLOCKCHAIN.
Its applications are at many places. Bitcoin is one of them. Refer links at the bottom for them.
One last thing I’ll do is to print the Blockchain we just made:
def printBlockchain(self):
for i in range(len(self.chain)):
print("\n-----Block ", i ,"---------\n timestamp = "\
, self.chain[i].timestamp,"\n data = ", \
self.chain[i].data, "\n previousHash = ",\
self.chain[i].previousHash,"\n hash = ", \
self.chain[i].hash)
Just add it inside the class blockchain().
And here, you are done with your first blockchain cryptocurrency
You can also have a look at my team Project with Ujjwal Kumar – LinkedIn & Hrishabh Sharma – LinkedIn, another CEV members @ Rajasthan DIGIFEST 2k18 Online hackathon – a 36 hours hackathon held on 6 July 2018 on making a cryptocurrency RAJCOIN for Rajasthan Govt @ the following Github link.
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