New Home

Reading Time: 5 minutes

Introduction

Technology and Analytics play a vital role in talent management, acquiring manpower, maximising every stage of the hiring process. In this era of transformative cognitive technologies like AI and machine learning, the complexities of talent acquisition and talent management have accelerated into high gear, driven by longer life spans, cultural and ethnic diversity and a highly-competitive global recruitment landscape. Without the proper utilisation of technology and analytics, talent management can become an operation bottleneck that will suppress the growth of operation. The technology source used by companies are social media, job portals, out bound hiring, social networking, e-mails, messages, tele-calling etc. are commonly used for targeting the prospective employee. In today’s fast-paced business world, it’s become obvious that people, practices, and systems must become nimbler too. Within this landscape, forward-thinking companies are using technologies and data segmentation to analyse smaller and smaller segments of their workforce as they develop strategic human capital plans, target job candidates and tailor employee benefits to match individual values, personality and behavior.

Technology driven Talent Management

Technology also allows for more in-depth analysis and reporting which provides managers more and better information to make the best decisions for getting the best out of the employees under their supervision. Using analysis tools and metrics, top performing employees can be groomed for leadership roles instead of the company having to depend on outside candidates. In a global market that continues to generate increased competition for the best talent, a company that fails to develop from within risks the loss of continued growth and market dominance by failing to retain their best assets as well as attracting top new talent.

Managing talent effectively places considerable demands on any organization. The sheer scope of the task means that a successful strategy becomes much likelier when technology is utilized. For each talent management function, most companies have traditionally used various standalone applications. Storing these applications and the data generated on each user’s personal computer or network servers at the firm is normal practice in these circumstances.

The talent management is critical to the firm’s well‐being and an integrated solution can positively impact on performance, employee loyalty and business strength. The advent of cloud computing has provided companies with a feasible alternative. Many of the headaches associated with the conventional approach can be eliminated using a solution that offers:

• Cost effectiveness: There is no requirement for a company to regularly invest in hardware, software and in‐house IT support services. Corporate servers are removed from the equation as applications and data are hosted by the provider’s own network.

• Flexibility: The dynamic nature of the technology provides real‐time access, upgrades when required and the capacity to swiftly adapt the application’s configuration and processes as user needs evolve.

• Integration: It becomes simpler to merge the various talent management processes currently handled in different parts of the firm. Better integration with other HR functions is likewise attainable.

• Wider application of training and development programs: The problems associated with conventional technology systems invariably meant that talent management activities were confined to high performers. Because cloud computing allows all employees appropriate levels of access to the system, scope exists for an organization to maximize the potential of its entire workforce.

How Data and Predictive Analytics play a crucial role?

From talent acquisition to performance management, HR departments are trusted with some of the most vital functions in an organization. When it comes to HR decision making, organizations want to make sure that there is no guesswork involved and are increasingly turning to predictive analytics to make data-backed decisions about the future. When it comes to setting key organizational priorities, items like big-name client wins, product launches, and high-profile partnerships must be secondary to the happiness of your people. Engaged, high-performing talent is a prerequisite to achieving any other business aim. The problem are the HR leaders and managers typically rely on guesswork to assess employee happiness. Lacking data-driven insights, such surface-level prognoses are often inaccurate, resulting in high attrition rates and higher turnover costs. The good news is that AI tools and predictive analytics are available to help HR leaders and managers identify the peaks and pitfalls of performance on individual, team, and corporate-wide scales, and reward employees accordingly.

AI and predictive analytics give business leaders the ability to benchmark compensation, identify flight-risk employees, and determine compensation boosts by deriving data that they would previously have had to ascertain through gut instinct. To understand its employees and how to keep them highly engaged, companies need data about what makes employees stay, what makes them successful and what can be done to build business strengths like leadership, innovation and customer service into the workforce. This will come from strong people analytics. People analytics looks at highly relevant data about people to solve specific business problems such as sales productivity, customer satisfaction and employee experience. The goal of predictive analytics is to provide structure, consistency, greater insight, and improved accuracy to the talent-management strategy.

To make the most of an integrated talent management solution, these following components should be considered: –

• A cloud-based SaaS solution, which enables scalability, flexibility and cost efficiencies.
• Mobile device optimization and mobile apps that facilitate real-time talent management across borders and in remote locations.
• Integrated social media applications to harness the power of the world’s social networking sites for finding and attracting new talent.
• Integrated HR analytics and Big Data applications for predictive workforce planning.
• A solution that is reflective of regional needs to ensure localized compliance, adequate flexibility and cultural adaptation.
• A simple and engaging platform that supports speed and reliability with cultural characteristics built into the user experience.
• A support model that provides both high- and low-touch assistance through direct and partner channels, as well as regional support that caters to local languages and time zones.

Conclusion

Human resources are in the midst of a transformation. Consumerization of the workplace, changing workforce dynamics, and an increasingly competitive talent landscape have raised employee expectations from their workplace to new heights. The result is that talent management is being redefined with the use of technology and analytics in new and innovative ways, to meet the dynamic business shifts. Once an organization understands the enabling and empowering role of emerging technologies, it can develop tactical solutions for HR function and long-term strategic plan on organizational design. The trend toward automating hiring has companies developing software to take bias and discrimination out of the processes, as well as reduce costs and speed the time to hire.

The long-term talent strategy and plan inform what training and development that an organization needs. Along with this virtual cycle that is both top-down and bottom-up, emerging technologies play critical roles shaping business models, employee behavioral and aspirations, as well as technology enabled programs and tools that an organization can should adopt to ensure that it is prepared for adapting its talent management to the rapidly-changing market and becomes more competitive every day.

 

AUTHOR

Sanidhya Somani,

Btech II,ECED.

Reading Time: 6 minutes

Most of us since class 11 have hated thermodynamics, isn’t it CBSE guys!

I remorse, we would have not. It’s not our fault, but the way in which we were introduced to it. If we would have first been astonished by the grand history of subject, the efforts of the greatest Lord Kelvin, James Clerk Maxwell,  Ludwig Boltzmann, Sadi Carnot, Rudolf Clausius, W. Gibbs, and more legends, the initial experiments and observations which triggered the human to invent an engine and the story behind the development of axiomatic theory which governs most of the phenomenon of universe, then things could have been different. My dear friends, it boosts adrenaline in me to introduce to you a science of 4 centuries.

 

The aim of this blog is to break that conventional attitude, to establish the beauty of the subject, and help some of my fellow classmates to get launched into the subject.

It is the science that took 4 centuries, immense labor and enthusiastic effort to take the final current form. The timeline would run on several different tracks, finally will converge to final form.

The science of hot and cold started with trying to understand the day to day life events. The hot summers, the cold winters, the fire, and many fascinating phenomena. These things have strongly influenced life throughout the history of the earth. Human soon realized that he needs to have control over hot and cold in order to increase his comfort as well as to sustain better.

Like most of the sciences, this is also an experimental one, we need to carefully investigate the phenomenon and derive theories to explain the grander picture.

TIMELINE 1: THE OBSERVATION THAT TRIGGERED

We have pondered for a long time to understand the heat and cold. There were many observations that had been made throughout history that kept thermodynamics in the most worked field among the prominent scientist community.

The quest begins with very simple everyday life observations, one of the most fascinating was the rhythmic motion of a valve mounted on a tightly closed water container being heated. This ignited us to think about the possibility of doing mechanical useful work by the gaseous state of matter.

Since then the ability of the gaseous state of matter to do some mechanical work when we supply heat to it was wondered. A deep analysis of the conversion of the heat of matter ( i.e. the kinetic energy of microscopic molecules) into the useful mechanical work is required, to get maximum possible work from a given amount of heat, hence is this subject of thermodynamics.

So, thermodynamics is a study of the phenomenon of conversion of heat into useful mechanical work.

TIMELINE 2: UNDERSTANDING THE MICROSCOPIC PICTURE 

Unknowingly you just took the words that need much deeper descriptions. Among them are heat and energy.

This timeline is most important as it actually explains the phenomenon on ground level. The whole subject gets launched on a single statement that “the reason for heat energy of any substance of the universe is the continuous motion of the constituent, the atoms and molecules”. At this point you cannot ask any deeper question, hence this can be called the origin of thermodynamics. You cannot ask why the atoms have motion.

Just as the electrical machines rely on one statement that “Moving electrical charge experience force in a magnetic field“, this is the reason for induction of emf in the generator as well as rotation of the shaft in motors. Here you can’t ask why the charge experience force, similar is the above case.

So, heat is the energy that is proportional to the kinetic energy of molecules of the substance.

Let’s look at what is energy:

ENERGY:

In our world energy is something we take too easy. The true meaning of energy is ineffable. But we can describe it at least, energy occurs in different interchangeable form.

1. The energy possessed due to the motion of molecules: The Heat energy
2. Energy trapped in the bond of molecules: The Chemical energy
3. Energy trapped in the nucleus- The nuclear energy
4. Electromagnetic energy

Just for a moment try to trace down any form of energy present on earth back to its original source, you would find that the sun is the highest stakeholder. The most dominant form, electromagnetic energy is the result of a chemical reaction in the sun that emits energy in form of electromagnetic waves of a very wide range of frequencies. The chemical energy or more specifically nuclear energy stored in the sun is the result of the great kinetic energy of protons neutrons which combined to form strong nuclear bonds to form atoms of the different elements, at the time of formation of the sun itself.

The source of the kinetic energy of initial protons cannot be further visualized, hence we can say that this form is the mother of all energy in existence. So all form of energy can be traced down to kinetic energy of constituent of matter.

It is completely theoretical that we assume that atoms have kinetic energy, and so we can explain the phenomenon, hence question on the existence of the kinetic energy of them is not justified, you cannot ask that what is the cause of the kinetic energy of the atom.

 

TIMELINE 3: UNDERSTANDING THE MACROSCOPIC PICTURE

Far before humans visualized the microscopic description of thermodynamics they had well analyzed other way to describe and predict the behavior of thermodynamic systems. It was the macroscopic approach. The properties of systems the pressure, the temperature, the volume all the were bounded by mathematical equations, which were determined experimentally.

The ideal gas equation which relates P, V, moles, and temperature of ideal is gas which was determined experimentally and then proved later by statistical mechanics.

At the microscopic level, the atoms molecules or ions have the kinetic energy, which we, at the macroscopic level describe as temperature. So temperature is a term coined to quantify the average kinetic energy possessed by the constituent of any materialistic object.

So can you answer:

What is the temperature of the neutron at 500 Kmph?

This is a void question because temperature is macroscopic quantity and defined for a system.

So, when in summer we say temperature is high. At the microscopic level, the average kinetic energy of molecules have increased and they collide with skin more impulsively and cause discomfort.

It is the force of change of momentum of the speedy molecule which creates pressure on the walls of the container.

So how beautiful is that the event which is actually microscopic can be studied via macroscopic parameters.

Propagation of Energy:

Now you would agree that the kinetic energy of particles is the origin of all the energy around us.

The energy of particles (atomic) i.e. the kinetic energy is converted in a most prominent form, the electromagnetic waves. Which then travels in the vacuum from the sun and reach earth.

Moreover, objects on earth transfer their energy as it is via thermal energy in transfer, heat.

Three ways of heating are the conduction, convection and the radiation.

In conduction, the flow of energy takes place by physical contact and atoms exchanging their kinetic energy by colliding with each other.

The convection is a way of heat transfer in liquids to distribute heat uniformly.

The radiation is the emission of EM waves by an object due to accelerated charged particles.

Well, this is just a blog to ignite the fire in you understand the fire. Many sources can be used to sail through the subject to get core concepts and ideas.

It involves watching documentaries like:

 

You can also watch an amazing youtube video series by Physics Videos by Eugene Khutoryansky.

Some great books are:

1. THERMAL PHYSICS: By Blundell and Blundell ( a husband-wife great work), here is the google drive link:  https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jOvE5uzVRP0BUzE-JTqyESwKY-FREGUx/view?usp=sharing
2. Four laws that drive the universe: by Peter Atkins

In the end best of luck for exploring thermodynamics.

DOUBTS ARE MOST WELCOMED!

KEEP READING, STAY BLESSED!

TEAM CEV!

Reading Time: 5 minutes

A talk which signifies the lift-off of CEV which was speeding on the runway for a long time. A talk special for us, which symbolized our tribute to the jawans of Pulwama Attack of 14 Feb.

Well now let’s move to the topic. Rishipal Yadav, a 4th-year undergrad at COMPS DEPT, SVNIT delivered the talk named the cyber-security. And here are some major glimpses of the great talk.

So the very first question to be answered is “WHY SHOULD YOU CARE ABOUT THAT?”

Here are some incidents that can prove how you can be a victim?

1. BANK ACCOUNT:   In the period of April and December last year, nearly 24,000 fraud cases related to credit, debit cards and internet banking were registered in India, reported by mint according to RBI data. Major cases were credit card cloning and fraud phone calls. Caution: Hackers can surely use your account details to transfer some money into your account!!!  Solution:  Never save cards on sites, never disclose any type of info to an unknown person on the phone even if he claims to be governor of RBI.
2. AADHAR CARD: Did you remember to ask for deleting the gmail from your cyber shop which you send for printing the aadhar card. It is so funny that we register an FIR when we lost it and on another hand we ourselves voluntarily send a copy to shop for printout, just give a thought. Caution: Anyone can use fake identity for many criminal offenses. Solution: Always use pen-drive for taking printouts,
3.  EMAIL: How many times have you shared your Gmail? That’s not a problem but have you ever wondered how hard is it for any third party to crack your password? If you think strongly that it is not so hard. Caution:  Important documents can be stolen within seconds. Solution: Use multiple e-mail addresses and remember to use multi-factor authentication, and regularly change passwords. Here is a survey report, check where you are?
4. Browsing history: Do you know about Ashley Madison data breach? 25 GB data was leaked in July 2015, which later caused victims to go in depression, divorces, commit suicide and blackmailing. Solution: Use cloud flare for browsing, it is far faster and safer than google! More is given ahead.
5. Social media: The advantages of social media are i.) you can be in touch we with far friends, ii.) you can share your experiences on a large platform, and so on….. but once for a while sit down and think calmly, is that so important that you use it so often. Cautions: There have been theft, murders, and other crimes which on investigations revealed that the locations and check-ins on social media were used for that. Solution:  Use your common sense. Any social media firm is a company whose sole purpose is profit. So you are yourself responsible for the information which you share. Use privacy features and other securities for it, and more importantly be aware of what you post on Facebook, Instagram, etc.

I am sure this would be enough to make you realize your vulnerability to the cyber threat in this digital world of the information age.

Probably you would ask, what to do then,  WHOM SHOULD YOU TRUST?”

Sadly the answer is that the stakes are so high that you can never claim of 100.0% security, how much you spend on your antivirus, how often you change your passwords, etc. Only thing is that you can only keep the probability as low as possible.

IMPORTANT MEASURES:

1. Dont use password managers, instead try to remember them.
2. Change your passwords more often.
3. Use multifactor authenticity and confidentiality features.
4. Dont just give various applications unnecessary permissions like location and contacts access.
5. USE CLOUD FLARE: as your DNS server as it is more fast and secure than giant Google.
6. Never ever use “Public WiFis” any cost, they are very much vulnerable. Use VPN in extreme circumstances.
7. Beware of phishing emails, one can easily trace it with common sense.
8. Do security updates as soon as they are available for different apps.
9. SOCIAL ENGINEERING: Across the globe out of all the cyber crimes reported most of them are the result of user negligence, unawareness, and human error. Only few are the incidences of technical error although they cost much higher and destructive, like data breaching of giants. So whenever using your phone in public always be aware while entering passwords, etc.
10. Think before you click: this is much simpler very very effective trick to keep you safe and secure.

WHAT IS DNS?

 

At last huge thanks to Rishipal Yadav Sir from whole CEV team for such an amazing talk.

Thanks for reading!

Stay blessed,

TEAM CEV

Reading Time: < 1 minute

Here is the ppt used in the seminar for illustration by Rishil Lakhe Sir.

PPT

KEEP READING,

TEAM CEV

Reading Time: 3 minutes

It has nearly taken hundreds of centuries to get where we are today. From the invention of the wheel to the fastest train with speed of 603 Kmph, from the discovery of fire to landing on the moon, all the technological advances that you use in everyday life, unnoticed, is the result of enthusiastic effort and genius of the great legacy. Artificial intelligence is certainly is the next giant step in that series, the rate of technological advancement would be ever high! Following the one such initiative:

• DeepMind is the world leader in artificial intelligence research and its application for positive impact on the world.
• DeepMind was founded in London and backed by some of the most successful technology entrepreneurs in the world and have been acquired by Google in 2014.
• DeepMind, an AI lab is the complete outsider to the field of molecular biology, beat top pharmaceutical companies like Novartis, Pfizer, etc. at predicting protein structures.
• DeepMind has brought together experts from fields if structural biology, physics, machine learning to apply cutting edge techniques to predict the 3D structure of a protein based on its genetic sequence.
• DeepMind Alpha Fold is the system which uses vast genomic data to predict protein structure.
• CASP (Critical assessment of structure prediction) is a virtual protein folding Olympics, where the aim is to predict the 3D structure of the protein based on its genetic sequence data.
• DeepMind has won the CASP13 protein folding competition.
• Alpha Fold scores 127.99 was 20 points higher than the second-ranked team, achieving what CASP called “unprecedented progress in the ability of computational methods to predict protein structure”.

     What is protein folding problem?

Proteins are our bodies building blocks and perform a vast array of essential functions.

A protein molecule is made of a string of smaller components called amino acids, which fold into the molecule’s 3D shape. The protein folding problem involves determining how the string of amino acids encodes the 3D shape of a protein molecule. This can produce a better understanding of proteins and enable scientists to change their function for the good of our bodies. For example in treating diseases caused by misfolded proteins, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s and cystic fibrosis.

The protein folding problem is regarded as one of the grandest biochemistry challenges of the last 50 years. Current approaches include using algorithms to compute the 3D structure of proteins with amino acids sequence data, or using X-ray crystallography and other techniques to image a protein structure.

    The DeepMind’s approach:

• DeepMind researchers used deep neural network to learn the correlation between the shape of a protein molecule and its amino acid sequence.
• The physical properties of a protein molecule include the distance between pairs of amino acids and the angles between chemical bonds that connect those amino acids.

• The model came up with a score that estimates the accuracy of a proposed protein structure, then used gradient descent a common deep learning algorithm that finds the minimum of a function to optimize that score.
• DeepMind has been working on protein folding for two years and has significantly advanced the development of protein engineering.

Thanks for reading.

BY- AJAY KUMAR RACHURI (3rd year EC )

CHEERS, TEAM CEV.

Reading Time: 5 minutes

Ever wondered how do websites like Flipkart, Amazon, Snapdeal, Jabong, MakeMyTrip earn money…….??

Well, I hope this blog will clear all your doubts about how these websites always offer you great discounts, gift vouchers, promotions, e-cash, free delivery and more, but still are BILLION DOLLAR COMPANIES.

There is always a question dwelling in our minds that prices of products on e-commerce website are lesser despite the fact those same products are available at a much higher price in same shop offline. Additional services provided by these sites and cost involved in their running are:

• Free delivery
• Very less profit margin, roughly 10% of the total sale
• Additional discounts(nearly half of selling price) on a festival, marketing and advertising
• Maintaining huge severs
• Salary of lakhs of employees working with them at every stage of shipping from maintaining the site to delivering the product to your footsteps.

Main ways of making money are:

1. INVESTMENT: the Main reason that online retail companies have survived so far is Private Equity(PE) funding and exit of these PE investors. For example, assume a company is valued 10000 dollars. We approach an investor and tell him. “Sir, this is my valuation at this particular point, I have around 15000 users and these are my earnings. Will you provide me $1000 to increase my reach and expand? the investor replies,” I will provide you $1000 and in return, I need 5% of your stake and all information on your situation. I will sell my stake after two years”. After two years, the number of users becomes 27000, and the valuation becomes $25000. I tell investor, “Sir, we are in need of $10000 to expand, do you wish to stay as an investor or sell your stake in the company and exit?”. He says,”I want to exit” ow we approach to another richer investor and process go on.

2. FIXED PRICE: Registered seller pay a fixed monthly subscription to the e-commerce company to host their product on the platform(i.e website). In some cases, the company also charges a fixed closing fee like 10 for every sale.

3. COMMISSION: Depending on the product category, the company charges the registered seller a certain percentage commission on the value of the product sold. This commission could range between 5% – 20%.

4. OWN PRODUCTS: Amazon and Flipkart have a range of their own products such as headphones, furniture, kindle reader, amazon echo etc. for which they do not have to pay any commission.

5. DEALS: These websites often make deals with different brands to sell their product exclusively on their platform. This help _s them earn more, a lot more than selling the same product via some third party seller.

6. THIS ONE IS NOT GOOD: every one of us would have experienced ads of the product recently surfed, on other platforms. This happens as there are some companies that earn by selling the user data to third-party companies which further use your buying habits to show you targeted ads and products. Data is definitely worth a lot more than selling a book at a minimal profit.

What really happens in discounting? We always want big discounts and wait for it to come. But do you know who pays the discounted amount to sellers as prices of products cannot drop down in a minute as the sale starts…….its the website or the e-commerce company that bears the discounted price by giving compensation to registered sellers.

Big online retailers like Flipkart, Amazon, SnapDeal and Junglee have cutting edge analytics capabilities and dedicated resources to compare prices of products on different websites and across stores. Based on these prices they suggest the price at which the registered seller should offer their product. This suggested price is where discounting happens.

The seller is not under any obligation to offer his products at these prices but since they get compensated for the discount element by the online retailer, there is hardly a reason for them to not offer their products at the suggested price.

The term BILLION DOLLAR A billion dollar company does not mean that it has a profit of billion dollars or overall turnover. It means that the company has a total market capitalization of a billion dollars. (All stocks x stock price = 1 billion dollars). Also means a company generates billion dollars in revenue.

Are these companies in profit or loss? At Rs 11,754 crore, the combined losses of e-commerce majors Flipkart, Amazon and Snapdeal is almost double the annual budget of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). To put things in perspective, if ISRO was given the same amount, it would be able to launch about 24 ‘Mangalyaan’ missions to Mars.

Being having the name tag of billion dollar company these companies are actually in losses in a country like INDIA.

These companies mainly seem to be running on investments given by big PEs. Once the big PE funds run out funding for huge discounts could not be made and to survive, will be forced to sell at the original price. Then there are chances of making the profit on sales.

In the current scenario, only the consumers and manufacturers are the real winner. But these are tech companies and can become profitable tomorrow if they wish to show. One cannot shadow how these companies have evolved, they just need a click in their heads.

CONCLUSION: In this whole e-commerce battle only two sets of people seems to be winning. First are the delivery companies and the second, digital marketing companies like Google and Facebook. If brought under lights these big giants (poster boys of Indian startup culture) are actually in losses and may collapse at any time.

“Thank you for reading and giving your precious time to blog………!”

BY PRATEEK SHARMA

KEEP READING, STAY COOL!

TEAM CEV

Reading Time: 7 minutes

You can skip the 1st para if you have came for the sole purpose of exploring the topic. CEV publishes its authentic blogs mainly to discuss the important topics, phenomenon, and scientific theories to spread a sense of wonders and appreciation for the feats of heroes of science. Our formal education lacks the element of astounding a student, and instead just focus on swallowing such beautiful phenomena without tasting them, we are trying to hammer that.

Come on a journey to experience the wonders of nature.

So firstly let me set the aura for the blog.

Different matter (elements) on earth exists in such states, for example water in the liquid state, which is rarest in till now explored part of the universe by humans. It is only here, where matter has groomed to consciousness.

Water is one of the forms of matter whose role in sustaining life on earth is ineffable. H2O shows a very flexible behavior in the conditions produced at earth. It can boil to vapour state, freeze to solid state and flow in the liquid state. In winters the water froze to ice, and it starts floating. Whereas for any other element the solid is denser than liquid. This strange behavior creates an insulation layer on top and keeps most of the water in water bodies unfrozen, thereby sustaining aquatic life. In summers it evaporates and condenses to form clouds and fall back as rain, another life-sustaining behavior. Change of state of water is such an important phenomenon. Cavitation is just one aspect of it.

Cavitation is like boiling but the method is different, more technically the thermodynamical path followed is different.

Consider this graph, water can change state from liquid to vapour either by moving horizontally by increasing temperature (boiling) or by moving vertically down by lowering external pressure (cavitation), a variety of reasons can cause this the drop in pressure in water.

Encapsulating…

“Cavitation is a phenomenon in which liquid burst to vapors inside the bulk of the liquid due to a sudden drop in pressure below the vapour pressure.”

First, let’s have a general discussion which will subsequently lead us to advanced topics.

Once the bubbles are generated soon they travel to higher pressure region and collapse back to a liquid form. Obviously, the energy equivalent to the latent heat of vaporization will be released. Now, this energy may take the various form of energy, the form of shock waves in water, sometimes heat, sometimes even the light!

Since the phenomenon is concerned with fluid so it becomes extremely essential for mechanical and civil engineers to talk about the effects of cavitation in fluid transportation. The pumps, propellers, valves, engines, spillways, etc all of these have to suffer wear and tear due to cavitation. Let’s see the limits.

As far as general events are considered cavitation doesn’t seem to be desirable:

In propellors and pumps, the shock waves produced by the cavitating bubbles cause the material to lose its hardness and soon degrade due to continuous explosions. Also, the formation of bubbles in pumps reduce the efficiency. The crackling sound of collapsing causes the submarines more vulnerable to be detected by enemies.

In spillways of dams and canals, the irregularities present on the surface may cause a pressure drop in irregularity at a high fluid velocity hence forming cavitating bubbles which might travel downstream and cause possible damage to even concrete.

Diesel engines are also found to get damaged by the cavitation in some way.

This series of damaging effects of cavitation are not continued in every case, we have employed cavitation for benefits also.

Engineering applications:

1. Biomedical: The principal is being used to dissolve the stones in kidneys, hence treating stone without a single stitch! The technique is called shock wave lithotripsy. It has been suggested that the sound of cracking of knuckles comes from the collapse of cavitation in the fluid within the joint.
2. Chemical: This industry uses cavitation in profound ways to mix, dissolve, homogenize, etc. Water purification system has been designed using this.
3. The cavitating bubble causes a very high temperature if special techniques are used, this can be employed to meet extreme temperature requirement in Nuclear Fusion plants, research is been continuously done to actually implement.
4. Supercavitating in near future will be employed to make super speed submarines. Supercavitation torpedos have already being used. 3. and 4. will be discussed in the end.

You would be surprised to know about the scope of cavitation in nature, here are the most amazing applications.

Cavitation in nature:

TREES AND PLANTS: It is the difference in pressure in xylem due to which the water rises from roots to leaves. Sometimes the pressure drop goes below the atmospheric pressure hence the liquid burst into vapour. As the plants try to dissolve the vapour, the conversion back to liquid comes with a shock wave, which damage the plants conducting tissues.  This is the explanation the audible sound in some trees in summers when the transpiration rate is highest. Here is a beautiful video to understand more better-

 

LIFE IN OCEAN: Well animal kingdom in the ocean is also affected by cavitation. The upper limit of the speed, the sharks, tuna and other life can travel is limited by this phenomenon. Basically, the high speed causes a huge pressure drop in the area behind fins and tail, sometimes pressure is dropped below the atmospheric level that water blast into vapour, and soon normal pressure cause bubbles to collapse to liquid, this reversal cause a painful event for them and limits them. Still, a speed range of 50-110 Kmph is achieved, as some of them have evolved fins without nerve-endings like tuna, still evidence of damage by cavitation can be seen on their fins.

Life is the most wonderful event in the universe. Just imagine life is nothing but matter groomed to consciousness!!!! You know piston shrimps are so advance that they employ shock waves to kill prey. The shrimps use a pair of clamping outgrowth to bash at a colliding speed of 115 Kmph. The small area of the jet of water that moves ahead at speed around 97 Kmph and creates a pressure of 80 kPa at 4 cm from shrimp, leaving behind pressure less than that of vapour pressure, hence causing bubbles. This bubble immediately collapses due to the surrounding pressure. Small area and fraction of time cause very high energy density, the implosion causes the temperature of water to reach limits of 4700 degree Celsius (and you know surface temperature of the sun is around 5500 degree). This gives a coup de grace to the prey, no chance to escape from death. Witness the event in this short video-

Time has come to move to advanced topics in which someone might do research in.

Sonoluminescence:

We discussed that the light is a possible form of energy that can be released by the cavitating bubble. This phenomenon of production of photons is called as sonoluminescence. This transduction of sound into light cannot be described fully by the present-day equations of fluid dynamics, and thus pushes fluid dynamics beyond its limits.

The mechanics of the process is uncertain, but event description can be given. So a bubble inside a liquid behaves differently when subject to different acoustic waves. At a particular frequency in the ultrasonic range, the gas bubble can collapse to emit a burst of light. The expansion and collapse of the bubble can be made periodic using a particular frequency and constant amount of light emission can be achieved.

When a bubble is collapsing the acceleration of surface is great, the pressure inside the bubble keep on increasing and so the temperature. Theories say that the temperature goes so high that the gas inside the bubble ionize to form the plasma and hence charge particle produce light (in single bubble cavitation it ranges to 20,000 K). Physicists describe this phenomenon as ” a star in a jar”!

Supercavitation:

Another interesting topic, just like the fish’s speed is limited by the cavitation, the submarines and torpedoes velocity is also limited by the cavitation and more significantly by the skin friction drag.

Supercavitation is the concept that comes in. The principle is to enclose the whole object in the zone of vapour state or bubble so that the frictional effect is greatly reduced allowing greater speed.  So a supercavitating object has an arrangement at the front to create a bubble to enclose the whole object.

A simulated view of supercavitating torpedo:

The original shot:

Russia VA-111 Shkval used diverting some of the hot exhaust to the nose to evaporate the water and form a bubble. (notice the nose)

Hope some of you may get vision slight more clear in the direction to select your field of research after reading the blog.

Thanks!

Keep reading, Stay blessed!

TEAM CEV.

Reading Time: 8 minutes

INTRODUCTION:

The sport of cricket has a known history beginning in the late 16th century. Having originated in south-east England, it became the country’s national sport in the 18th century and has developed globally in the 19th and 20th centuries. International matches have been played since 1844 and Test cricket began, retrospectively recognized, in 1877. Cricket is the world’s second most popular spectator sport after football.

LAWS OF CRICKET THEN AND NOW:

There has been a lot of variation in the rules of cricket now, since the great game was started way back in 1744, for comparison,

    In 1744 the rules were:

• there is a reference to the toss of a coin and the pitch dimensions (length = 22 yards)
• the stumps must be 22 inches high.
• the ball must be 6 inches in circumference and weigh between 5 and 6 ounces
• overs last 4 balls
• the popping crease is exactly 3 feet 10 inches before the bowling crease
• hitting the ball twice and obstructing the field are emphatically out following experiences in the 17th century
• the wicket-keeper is required to be still and quiet until the ball is bowled
• the umpire cannot give a batsman out if the fielders do not appeal

     

     Rules of cricket nowadays are  little different:

• there is a reference to the toss of the coin but in some places bats are also being tossed such as the big bash, although it’s not at an International level still it is a big change. whereas the length of the pitch has remained unchanged.
• the stumps must be 28 inches high.
• the ball must be 9 inches in circumference and weigh between 5.50 and 5.75 ounces
• overs last 6 balls
• the popping crease is exactly 4 feet before the bowling crease
• hitting the ball twice and obstructing the field are not necessarily given out, the particular ball may be declared a dead ball or in severe condemption of the rules of the game, the batsman may be given out.
• the wicket-keepers are not at all still and quiet until in the modern game, in fact, they are te most disturbing players on the field.
• umpires can give a batsman out when the fielders
• do not appeal if he feels the batsman is out

 

ALL ABOUT THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL MATCH:

The first officially recognized Test match began on 15 March 1877 and ended on 19 March 1877 and was played between England and Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG), where Australia won by 45 runs. It was a historic match in which not only 2 teams but 2 rivalries, 2 nations were against each other and had 25,000 people cheering for them in the stadium, with everyone up there feet. Everyone knew that this particular sport is going to be the most popular sport in the future for sure by looking at the response it was getting and now eventually, not first but it’s the second most followed sport in the world behind football.  

Here is the summary of that match:

 

This was all about the first test match, but when did various other nations start their International cricket?

There are currently twelve Test-playing men’s teams. Test status is conferred upon a country or group of countries by the International Cricket Council. The teams are listed below with the date of each team’s Test debut:

1. England (15 March 1877)
2. Australia (15 March 1877)
3. South Africa (12 March 1889)
4. West Indies (23 June 1928)
5. New Zealand (10 January 1930)
6. India (25 June 1932)
7. Pakistan (16 October 1952)
8. Sri Lanka (17 February 1982)
9. Zimbabwe (18 October 1992)
10. Bangladesh (10 November 2000)
11. Ireland (11 May 2018)
12. Afghanistan (14 June 2018)

 

A BRIEF ABOUT INDIAN NATIONAL CRICKET TEAM:

The India national cricket team, also known as Team India and Men in Blue, is governed by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), and is a full member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) with Test, One Day International (ODI) and Twenty20 International (T20I) status.

India’s national cricket team played its first Test match on 25th June 1932. becoming the sixth team to be granted Test cricket status. In its first fifty years of international cricket, India was one of the weaker teams, winning only 35 of the first 196 Test matches it played. From 1932 India had to wait until 1952, almost 20 years for its first Test victory. The team, however, gained strength in the 1970s with the emergence of players.

Traditionally much stronger at home than abroad, the Indian team has improved its overseas form, especially in limited-overs cricket, since the start of the 21st century, winning Test matches in Australia, England, and South Africa. India has won the Cricket World Cup twice – in 1983 under the captaincy of Kapil Dev and in 2011 under the captaincy of Mahendra Singh Dhoni. After winning the 2011 World Cup, India became only the third team after West Indies and Australia to have won the World Cup more than once, and the first cricket team to win the World Cup at home. It also won the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 and 2013 ICC Champions Trophy, under the captaincy of MS Dhoni. It was also the joint champions of 2002 ICC Champions Trophy, along with Sri Lanka.

As of October 2018, India is ranked 1st in Tests, 2nd in ODIs and 2nd in T20Is by the ICC. Virat Kohli is the current captain of the team.

 

Indian team test match status:

India was declared or given the tag of “Test Playing Nation” when they played their first test match on 25th June 1932 against England in England. Although India recorded their first Test victory, in their 24th match i.e. after 20 years of playing test cricket, against England at Madras in 1952. Later in the same year, they won their first Test series, which was against Pakistan

Indian team success under MS Dhoni:

Dhoni has proven to be one of the greatest captains for India and has contributed immensely towards India’s success, India has had many great captains in their past, but Dhoni is one of a kind, just not because of his record as captain, but also because of his respect towards the game, his calmness on the field his temperament and his simplicity, which are the same reasons why he is loved so much around the world.

 

India at the World Cups

 

Here are some Individual records which show the contributions of the greatest players India produced:

 

Test records by nations:

 

Some astonishing Individual test records

   ICC Cricket World Cup

The ICC Cricket World Cup is the international championship of One Day International (ODI) cricket. The event is organized by the sport’s governing body, the International Cricket Council (ICC), every four years, with preliminary qualification rounds leading up to a finals tournament. The tournament is one of the world’s most viewed sporting events and is considered the “flagship event of the international cricket calendar” by the ICC.

The first World Cup was organized in England in June 1975, with the first ODI cricket match having been played only four years earlier. However, a separate Women’s Cricket World Cup had been held two years before the first men’s tournament, and a tournament involving multiple international teams had been held as early as 1912. The first three World Cups were held in England. From the 1987 tournament onwards, hosting has been shared between countries under an unofficial rotation system, with fourteen ICC members have hosted at least one match in the tournament.

The World Cup is open to all members of the International Cricket Council (ICC), although the highest-ranking teams receive automatic qualification. The remaining teams are determined via the World Cricket League and the ICC World Cup Qualifier. A total of twenty teams have competed in the eleven editions of the tournament, with fourteen competing in the latest edition in 2015; the next edition in 2019 will have only ten teams. Australia has won the tournament five times, with the West Indies, India (twice each), Pakistan and Sri Lanka (once each) also have won the tournament.

 

Individual records at the World Cup

 

 

Examples of Great cricketers showing their magic with bat and ball:

 

 

 

10 Incidences that completely changed and revolutionized cricket forever:

• The first day-night test match
• Carlos Braithwaite hitting 4 sixes in the world T20 final in 2016
• Dhoni’s 6 to win the world cup for India in 2011
• The unfortunate death of Phillip Hughes
• Muttiah Muralidharan getting 800 wickets in test cricket
• Shane Warne’s ball of the century
• 438 runs chased down successfully in ODI cricket
• Lahore attack ’09
• The arrival of the DRS system (decision review system)
• Yuvraj Singh’s Six 6’s in an over

 

Great Cricket Grounds

1.Lord’s Cricket ground

Established: 1814      Capacity: 30,000

 

2. Melbourne Cricket Ground

Established: 1853      Capacity: 100,024

 

3. Eden Garden’s

Established: 1864      Capacity: 68,000

 

4. Newland’s Cricket Ground

Established: 1888      Capacity: 28,000

 

5. Dharamsala Stadium (HPCA)

Established: 2003      Capacity: 23,000

 

By- Tarang Desai

Keep reading, stay happy!!

TEAM CEV!

Reading Time: 3 minutes

Everything in this world is changing, fastly or slowly, but surely. Being engineers the things that matter to change for us are the temperature in a space,  the voltage across any terminal, current in a loop, the electromagnetic field in space, the velocity of fluid flow, etc.

We can classify any change in physical quantity either as periodic or non-periodic. If the change in quantity repeats itself or follow some definite pattern in a finite time interval, then it is periodic else non-periodic.

Now why an engineer is interested in a change of magnitudes of such quantities? Basically, engineers stand for simplifying common man’s life. A man has to have control over the many physical quantities around him, controlled change in this quantities are proved to be useful for him. For example in communication, from the technical point of view, it is fine control of pressure difference in the air by vocal cords that cause the eardrum to vibrate and generate required nervous sensation which is felt by the brain. In electromagnetism change of one causes another to come into existence (many machines runs on this principle), etc.

To simplify our life we need machines to care take of as many things as possible. So we want reliability from them or we can depend on them, in other sense, we actually know how they are going to behave in future, that’s why we can depend on them, and this property inherently comes from the periodic change in physical quantities associated with these machines. Thus it becomes very important to know more about the nature of these periodic phenomena.

So these phenomena of changes are described by a set of rule, mathematically we call them the function, many of which are quite complex in nature. We want to be reliable and predictable with them also, so how can it be done. Like sound signal are described by weird functions, varied pressure changes.

The philosophy behind this mathematical concept is that anything in this world, however complex they may appear, at the root level fundamentally made of basic units. Eg in daily life – however wide variety of organs human, at microscopic level they are ultimately made of cells, however high and different a building is it is made up of bricks, however wonderful a novel of literary work is, it is made of different combinations of basic 26 alphabets only.

So by intuition, we can say that these elements of mathematical literature, the functions, must also be made up of the most fundamental periodic functions “the sine” and “the cosine”.

This is what exactly done in Fourier analysis.

The question is, HOW CAN WE USE SUCH SIMPLE FUNCTIONS TO MODEL VERY COMPLEX FUNCTIONS?

We will study the topic in the chronological order in which the subject got developed, i.e. understanding first the Fourier series and then its limiting case the Fourier transform for the non-periodic functions.

You can follow whole notes of FOURIER SERIES by this link and you can also suggest for improvements and any damn doubt.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/12S9KhXcLSywaQTtsc9Y14bDQn0XmrB35EXwg-eUUJIk/edit?usp=sharing

Functions are basic blocks of mathematical literature and we have seen that these functions can be decomposed into a more basic periodic function of sine and cosine thus the topic is justified FOURIER SERIES: Expressing the alphabets of Mathematics.

Thanks!

KEEP READING!

STAY FOCUSED, STAY BLESSED!

TEAM CEV.

Reading Time: 4 minutes

“Hope no one will take this blog in the way in which it is not intended. Whoever you support just be calm because it’s just a blog, it just tries to question WHY, it is not at all meant for any kind of vandalism.”

India is a democratic country and we all are proud of it. India follows its constitution rigidly and devotedly. Our Constitution says that any Indian has six fundamental rights, freedom of speech and expression is one of them. For a true journalist, this is the most fundamental one.

Is media vulnerable? If yes, why?

So how much do you think is the Indian mainstream media (the news channels) are unaffected by the government? I am not talking about only the current government but government as a whole, right from the beginning of independence.

You must be knowing that the media is the easiest and most adorable messenger of public of the deeds of the government. It is a great way to affect what the majority of public thinks about any candidate. Because most us assume while watching television that whatever is being shown is definitely correct and focus more on what actually is being said and displayed. So you can easily figure it out that for any government the best and most straightforward way to become stars of citizen’s eyes is through media. In eyes of the common man like all of us, it is next to impossible to purchase media.

BUT NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE POWER OF THE RULING PARTY, BECAUSE IF POWER HAD NOT BEEN THERE THAN THERE WOULD HAVE NO CHANCE OF A DEMOCRACY TURNING INTO DICTATORSHIP!

Let’s talk about the figures:

India ranked 138 among 178 countries in World Press Freedom Index in 2018. Here is the link, you can check:

•  https://rsf.org/en/ranking

As per the report, in this year, 11 journalists murdered, 46 attacked, 27 booked in police cases and 12 threatened for reporting.

• https://www.huffingtonpost.in/vineet-john-samuel/if-2017-was-a-terrible-year-for-the-freedom-of-press-in-india-2018-isn-t-looking-any-better_a_23341292/

Don’t you have a mixed feeling of ashamed, afraid, rage and vex?

So along with the bad conditions of engineers, the media men who report it to the public is itself not in good condition. And believe me, it’s not a statement of rage against the media for shamming us (the engineers) but this feels quite frustrating and deep trauma. Both of them are such an essential part of our country and the worst part is that no one gives a thought for that.

QUESTIONS THAT NEED TO BE ANSWERED:

1. What had caused senior journalists (like respected Milind Khandekar, PP Bajpai, Abhisar Sharma) to resign from the mainstream media and start their journalism on alternate media like blogs and videos on the internet?
2.  A primetime show named Masterstroke on a quite well-known channel ABP NEWS, being anchored by a senior journalist Punya Prasun Bajpai was being literally blocked to prevent viewers from watching it when the show was technically on air. Why the ABP NEWS was blocked repeatedly at the primetime when other channels were running well? Who was responsible?
3. Why it has become so tough for police to trace the threatening calls to the journalists?

Government must be answerable to public:

You must have heard that the prime minister of the country is the prime servant of the country, and so the ruling party. And when your servants in whole life serve you honestly and for one time attempts some thief, you will definitely ask for that. That time your servant cannot claim for his long devoted service. Same should be applied with the government, it is not a kind of mercy they do to the public if it does something good, it’s their duty, and the public has the right to ask for his scams, and the government needs to answer it not count its establishments instead of answering.

Essence of being a modern viewer:

Nowadays the parameters of being a true reader or viewers have been changed, now you cannot trust any source of information blindly, not even the mainstream media. Instead, you have to vigil about what you see or hear, what you think and most importantly what you believe. From the political point of view, one has to break the already set paradigms through which we see the world around us. We need to search answers to questions like “IS IT REALLY HAPPENING WHAT IS SHOWN OR CLAIMED?”.

I had doubt on demonetization, thus I cleared that, and here is the brief report of it, in the same way, you can also challenge the paradigms of your minds and read as a responsible citizen of INDIA. And do share your reports and views. Be fearless and be true to discuss the achievement and the drawbacks of the current government.

REPORT ON DEMONETIZATION:

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XSDi5mBME6vT5mxqIUqnRvfB83kFUWL2vUbErgOSn28/edit?usp=sharing

 

Being a voter in today’s India is a great responsibility and a tedious job too, because you don’t have to select who is better in fact, you have to select who is less unethical.

If we asked for our rights in beginning then, in the end, why not see the fundamental duties also!

JAI HIND!

THANKS FOR READING,

“KEEP READING, STAY BLESSED”

TEAM CEV!

(the writer himself soundly takes the responsibility of the statements and data presented in the blog)